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¿ª»çÀûÀ¸·Î º¸¸é, ¸íÀǽÅŹÁõ¿©ÀÇÁ¦ ±ÔÁ¤Àº ¿ø·¡ ¸íÀÇÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áõ¿©¼¼ °ú¼¼»ó ´ÙÅùÀ» ÇؼÒÇϱâ À§ÇÑ »ç½ÇÀÔÁõ¿¡ °üÇÑ ±ÔÁ¤ÀÇ ¼º°ÝÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ¸íÀǽÅŹÁõ¿©ÀÇÁ¦ ±ÔÁ¤ÀÎ ±¸ »ó¼Ó¼¼¹ý Á¦32Á¶ÀÇ 2ÀÇ ±ÔÁ¤ÀÌ ½ÅŹ¹ý»ó ¡®½ÅŹ¡¯ÀÇ °³³äÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© °ú¼¼¿ä°Ç(Steuertatbestand)À» ±ÔÁ¤ÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥, ¹ý¿øÀº ½ÇÁ¦ °ú¼¼µÈ ¸íÀǽÅŹ¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­´Â µ¿¹ý»ó ¡®½ÅŹ¡¯ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó´Â ³í¸®·Î ±×¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áõ¿©ÀÇÁ¦°ú¼¼¸¦ ºÎÀÎÇÏ¿´´Ù. Á¤ºÎ´Â ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¸¿ÏÀ¸·Î ¡®½ÇÁú¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚ¿Í ¸íÀÇÀÚ°¡ ´Ù¸¥ °æ¿ì¡¯¿¡´Â Áõ¿©·Î ÀÇÁ¦ÇÏ¿© ¼Òµæ¼¼ Æ÷Å»À» Á¦ÀçÇÏ´Â ±ÔÁ¤À» µÎ±â¿¡ À̸£·¶´Ù.

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¢º ÁÖÁ¦¾î£º¸íÀǽÅŹ, Áõ¿©ÀÇÁ¦, ½ÇÁú¼ÒÀ¯, Á¶¼¼È¸ÇÇ, Á¶¼¼Æ÷Å»

 

 

£¼Abstract£¾

 

In this paper the author analyzed the nature of the phenomenon which the current Article 45-2 of the Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act on the deemed gift taxation on the nominal owner of property deals with. The author utilized a historical approach as well as a comparative law approach for the research and finally analyzed the decisions made by the Constitutional Court of Korea.

¡°Title trust¡±, a legal concept which was first used by the Korean courts in the 1960¡¯s and is defined in the Act on the Registration of Real Estate under Actual Titleholder¡¯s Name and the Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act, was created for the purpose of describing a situation of ¡°name borrowing¡± utilizing the concept of ¡°trust action(Treuhandgeschäft)¡±.

Historically viewed, the deemed gift taxation provision on title trust(¡°the DGT provision¡±) was introduced to alleviate the burden of proof for the levying of gift tax on the title holder of a property.

The Article 32-2 of the Inheritance Act(repealed), the original provision in this regard followed by not a few successive revisions, stipulated the deemed gift taxation requirement(Steuertatbestand) utilizing the concept of ¡°trust¡± borrowed from the Trust Act effective at that time.

The courts denied the application of the Article 32-2 to the actual situations of ¡°name borrowing¡± saying that they might not be regarded as the ¡°trust¡± under the Trust Act.

As a countermeasure to such an attitude kept by the courts, the government rephrased the taxation requirement of the DGT as ¡°when the title holder is not the substantive owner¡±. The Article 32-2 has to be understood as having been reborn as a provision for the sanctioning of income tax evasion by the revision.

The Constitutional Court determined that the current DGT provision is constitutional in that it follows the substance taxation rule because it enables the levy of gift tax as an anti-gift tax avoidance provision and it helps to prevent the avoidance of income tax by such a deemed gift taxation. Such reasoning does not make sense. Gift tax is being levied under that provision where income tax other than gift tax is evaded.

The Constitutional Court further determined that the deemed gift taxation is not an excessive means for the prevention of taxes in comparison with alternative criminal sanctions. It presupposes the absence of actual criminal sanction on a situation of ¡°name borrowing¡±. Contrary to that, criminal sanctions are being levied in addition to the deemed gift taxation. Such criminal sanctions here are comparable to those implemented in Germany, Japan and the U.S.

The DGT provision identifies itself mistakenly as an anti-tax avoidance provision. Based on such an incorrect self-identification it stipulates that the levy of deemed gift tax is allowed once the possibility of the so-called tax avoidance is to be found. But the real target of the current DGT provision is not such an avoidance activity but an evasive activity which has to be criminally sanctioned for the actual evasion of tax. The sanction has to be determined by the amount of income tax evaded in reality.

The DGT provision has to be revisited for its repeal because it is not a proper means for the sanctioning of the target it aims. To control the tax evasion through name borrowing and sanction it in proportion to the damages made by such an evasion it is recommended that the Tax Crime Punishment Act is strengthened to punish all tax saving activities through name borrowing as a crime in principle.

¢º Key Words£ºtitle trust, deemed gift, substantive ownership, tax avoidance, tax evasion

 

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